Maritime Cybersecurity
 A Guide for Leaders and Managers
 Second Edition (v2.3, 01/2025)

by Gary C. Kessler & Steven D. Shepard


This Web page is devoted to providing updated or additional information with which to supplement Maritime Cybersecurity: A Guide for Leaders and Managers.


References

This section contains all references for the book plus many additional resources.


Preface
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Chapter 1. The Maritime Transportation System (MTS)
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Chapter 2. Cybersecurity Basics
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Chapter 3. Case Studies: Cyber Attacks on the Maritime Sector
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Chapter 4. Ports and Cybersecurity
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Chapter 5. Shipboard Communication Systems
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Chapter 6. Navigation Systems
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Chapter 7. Operational Technology and Autonomous Systems
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Chapter 8. Strategies for Maritime Cyberdefense
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Chapter 9. Concluding Thoughts
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Ancillary Material

Author Podcasts/Interviews/Presentations

[Top of Section | Top of Page]

Maritime Cyber Newsletters, Blogs, and Web Sites

[Top of Section | Top of Page]

Maritime Journals

[Top of Section | Top of Page]

GPS/GNSS- and PNT-Related Sites

[Top of Section | Top of Page]

Ship Tracking/AIS Aggregation and Other Maritime Intel Web Sites

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Papers Related to Securing AIS and AIS/GPS Research

One area of Gary's research is related to AIS, AIS security vulnerabilities and exploits, and methods with which to secure AIS. Although not a specific theme of the book, a secure AIS is integral to a secure MTS. In that spirit, here are some papers specifically related to AIS and GNSS security, as well as research into AIS in maritime:

  • Al-Khalidi, M., Al-Zaidi, R., Ali, T., Khan, S., & Bashir, A.K. (2025, January). AI-Optimized Elliptic Curve with Certificate-Less Digital Signature for Zero Trust Maritime Security. Ad Hoc Networks, 166, 103669. DOI: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2024.103669
  • Alamleh, H., & Karabacak, B. (2024, October). Exploring the Security Landscape of Underwater Positioning and Navigation Systems: An Attack Surface Analysis. 2nd International Special Track on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Caen, France, 8-10 October 2024. DOI: 10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639769
  • Anderson, J. (2025, September). World's First Authenticated Satellite Pseudorange from Orbit. Proceedings of the 38th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2025), Baltimore, Maryland, September 8-12, 2025, pp. 738-748. DOI: 10.33012/2025.20365
  • Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Cryptographic Ranging Authentication with TESLA, Rapid Re-keying, and a PRF. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 43-55. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18226
  • Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2022, January). Efficient and Secure Use of Cryptography for Watermarked Signal Authentication. 2022 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, pp. 68-82. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18228
  • Anderson, J., Lo, S., & Walter, T. (2024, September). Authentication Security of Combinatorial Watermarking for GNSS Signal Authentication. NAVIGATION, 71(3). DOI: 10.33012/navi.655
  • Androjna, A., Brcko, T., Pavic, I., & Greidanus, H. (2020, October 20). Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 776. DOI: 10.3390/jmse8100776
  • Androjna, A., Pavić, I., Gucma, L., Vidmar, P., & Perkovič, M. (2023, December 19). AIS Data Manipulation in the Illicit Global Oil Trade. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(1), 6. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12010006
  • Androjna, A., & Perkovič, M. (2021, September). Impact of Spoofing of Navigation Systems on Maritime Situational Awareness. Transactions on Maritime Science, 10(2). DOI: 10.7225/toms.v10.n02.w08
  • Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., & Pavic, I. (2021, May). Cyber Security Challenges for Safe Navigation at Sea. 4th Annual Baška GNSS Conference: Technologies, Techniques and Applications Across PNT and The 1st Workshop on Smart, Blue and Green Maritime Technologies, Baška, Krk Island, Croatia. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrej-Androjna-3/publication/358676229_CYBER_SECURITY_CHALLENGES_FOR_SAFE_NAVIGATION_AT_SEA/links/620ea07d4be28e145c9b6dcb/CYBER-SECURITY-CHALLENGES-FOR-SAFE-NAVIGATION-AT-SEA.pdf
  • Androjna, A., Perkovič, M., Pavic, I., & Mišković, J. (2021, May). AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 5015. DOI: 10.3390/app11115015
  • Arumugam, M., & Parasuraman, K. (2024, January 18). Whale Optimized Routing Path Selection and 128 Bit Secured Key Management for Maritime Safety. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnaoe.2024.100584
  • Aziz, A., Tedeschi, P., Sciancalepore, S., & Di Pietro, R. (2020, August 7). SecureAIS - Securing Pairwise Vessels Communications. 2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS), 29 June-1 July, Avignon, France. DOI: 10.1109/CNS48642.2020.9162320
  • Bahder, T.B. (2004, December). Quantum Positioning System. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting, Washington, D.C., pp. 53-76. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=13846
  • Balduzzi, M., Pasta, A., & Wilhoit, K. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System. 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC '14), New Orleans, Louisiana, December 8-12, 2014, pp. 436-445. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.694.7968&type=pdf
  • Balduzzi, M., Wilhoit, K., & Pasta, A. (2014, December). A Security Evaluation of AIS. Trend Micro Research Paper. https://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-a-security-evaluation-of-ais.pdf
  • Baker, R. (2021, August 16). Creating an AIS Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/creating-an-ais-pi-for-maritime-research-5e6f754e541c
  • Baker, R. (2021, August 27). How to Install OpenCPN on Your AIS Raspberry Pi for Maritime Research. wondersmith_rae blog. https://wondersmithrae.medium.com/how-to-install-opencpn-on-your-ais-raspberry-pi-for-maritime-research-c6d3da5eb5a6
  • Barrett, W., Kozhaya, S., Kassas, Z.M., & Marsh, D. (2025, October). Navigating the Arctic Circle with Starlink and OneWeb LEO Satellites. 2025 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2025), Los Angeles, California, October 6-10, 2025. DOI: 10.1109/MILCOM64451.2025.11310048
  • Batavier, G. (2024, January 9). The Red Sea Crisis: Tracking the Volatile Security Situation. Spire blog. https://spire.com/blog/maritime/the-red-sea-crisis-tracking-the-volatile-security-situation/
  • Berbić, I, Stupalo, V., Kavran, N., & Bukljaš, M. (2023, January). Overview of Machine Learning Methods in Maritime Traffic Monitoring Based on Automatic Identification System. Transportation Research Procedia, 73, 220-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.911
  • Blanco, J. (2019, December 5). C2 Over Maritime AIS and Commercial Aggregation [video]. DEF CON 27 Hack the Sea Village. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRWh6FVIFeo
  • Cabrera, F., Molina, N., Tichavska, M., & Araña, V. (2016, July). Automatic Identification System Modular Receiver for Academic Purposes. Radio Science, 51(7), 1038–1047. DOI: 10.1002/2015RS005895
  • Campbell, J.N.A., Isenor, A.W., & Dais Ferreira, M. (2022, September 22). Detection of Invalid AIS Messages Using Machine Learning Techniques. Procedia Computer Science, 205, 229-238. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2022.09.024
  • Chen, M.-Y., & Wu, H.-T. (2023, January). An Automatic-Identification-System-Based Vessel Security System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 19(1), 870-879. DOI: 10.1109/TII.2021.3139348
  • Chen, X., Wei, C., Zhou, G., Wu, H., Wang, Z., & Biancardo, S.A. (2022, September 16). Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data Supported Ship Trajectory Prediction and Analysis via a Deep Learning Model. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(9), 1314. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10091314
  • Chew, C., Roberts, T. M., & Lowe, S. (2023, December). RFI Mapped by Spaceborne GNSS-R Data. NAVIGATION, 70(4). DOI: 10.33012/navi.618
  • Critchley-Marrows, J., & Verspieren, Q. (2023, July). Ensuring PNT Resilience: A Global Review of Navigation Policies and Roadmaps. Science, Technology and Innovation Governance (STIG) Education Programme, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo. https://rntfnd.org/wp-content/uploads/Resilient_PNT_Policy_Report_FINAL_Univ-Tokyo-and-Sydney.pdf
  • Clements, Z., Goodridgey, I., Ellisz, P., Murriany, M.J., & Humphreys, T.E., (2024, January). Demonstration of Single-Satellite GNSS Spoofer Geolocation. The 2024 ION ITM Conference, Long Beach, CA, January 22-26, 2024. http://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/clements-DemoSpooferGeo.pdf
  • Clements, Z.L. , & Humphreys, T.E. (2026, January/February). Orbital Outlaw: GNSS Interference from Space. Royal Institute of Navigation's Navigation News, pp. 10-16. https://radionavlab.ae.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/RNL_RIN_Navi_News.pdf
  • Duan, Y., Huang, J., Lei, J., Kong, L., Lv, Y., Lin, Z., Chen, G., & Kha, M.K. (2023, February). AISChain: Blockchain-Based AIS Data Platform With Dynamic Bloom Filter Tree. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(2), 2332-2343. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2022.3188691
  • Duzenli, E., Akyuz, E., Kayisoglu, G., & Bolat, P. (2025, September 23). An Integrated Risk-Based Modelling Approach for Prediction of AIS Spoofing Attacks On-Board Ship. Ocean Engineering, 342(1), 122895. DOI" 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2025.122895
  • Erwin, S. (2022, August 17). Commercial Geospatial Technologies That Detect GPS Disruptions to be Tested in Military Exercises. SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/commercial-geospatial-technologies-that-detect-gps-disruptions-to-be-tested-in-military-exercises/
  • Ford, J.H., Peel, D., Kroodsma, D., Hardesty, B.D., Rosebrock, U., & Wilcox, C. (2018). Detecting Suspicious Activities at Sea Based on Anomalies in Automatic Identification Systems Transmissions. PLoS ONE, 13(8), e0201640. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201640
  • FrontierSI. (2025, January 25). State of the Market Report, Low Earth Orbit Positioning Navigation and Timing – 2024 Edition. https://frontiersi.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/FrontierSI-State-of-Market-Report-LEO-PNT-2024-Edition-v1.1.pdf
  • Gamage, C., Dinalankara, R., Samarabandu, J., & Subasinghe, A. (2023, December). A Comprehensive Survey on the Applications of Machine Learning Techniques on Maritime Surveillance to Detect Abnormal Maritime Vessel Behaviors. WMU Journal on Maritime Affairs, 22, 447–477. DOI: 10.1007/s13437-023-00312-7
  • Goodspeed, T., Bratus, S., Melgares, R., Shapiro, R., & Speers, R. (2011, August). Packets in Packets: Orson Welles' In-Band Signaling Attacks for Modern Radios. Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Conference on Offensive Technologies (WOOT'11). https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/woot11/tech/final_files/Goodspeed.pdf
  • Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2019, June 14). Towards a Secure Automatic Identification System (AIS). Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 24, 410-423. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0561-3
  • Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2020, June). Secure AIS with Identity-Based Authentication and Encryption. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2). DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.03
  • Goudosis, A., & Katsikas, S.K. (2022, June). Secure Automatic Identification System (SecAIS): Proof-of-Concept Implementation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(6), 805. DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060805
  • Goudossis, A., Kostis, T., & Nikitakos, N. (2012). Automatic Identification System Stated Requirements for Naval Transponder Security Assurance. In A. Goudossis, T. Kostis, & N. Nikitakos (Eds.), 2nd International Conference on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS), Vari, Greece. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Goudosis/publication/280573426_Automatic_Identification_System_Stated_Requirements_for_Naval_Transponder_Security_Assurance/links/5d6f6d2da6fdccf93d38830c/Automatic-Identification-System-Stated-Requirements-for-Naval-Transponder-Security-Assurance.pdf
  • Goward, D. (2023, September 5). China Finishing "High-precision Ground-based Timing System" — A Worry for the United States. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/china-finishing-high-precision-ground-based-timing-system-a-worry-for-the-united-states/
  • Goward, D. (2025, January 21). UK Leading the West in PNT with Clocks, eLoran and Quantum Research. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/uk-leading-the-west-in-pnt-with-clocks-eloran-and-quantum-research/
  • GPSPATRON & Gdynia Maritime University. (2025, February 11). Report on GNSS Interference in the Baltic Sea: Analysis Using a Terrestrial Monitoring System and Comparison with ADS-B Data, revision 2.1. https://gpspatron.com/gnss-interference-in-the-baltic-sea-a-collaborative-study-by-gpspatron-and-gdynia-maritime-university/
  • GPSPATRON & Gdynia Maritime University. (2025, Nove,ber 27). GNSS Interference Monitoring in the Baltic Sea: Shipborne Observations near the Kaliningrad Enclave Marine Border, revision 1.3. https://gpspatron.com/new-gnss-interference-report-released-shipborne-measurements-near-the-kaliningrad-border/
  • Gupta, B.B., Gaurav, A., Hsu, C.-H., & Jiao, B. (2021, November 15). Identity-Based Authentication Mechanism for Secure Information Sharing in the Maritime Transport System. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1-9. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3125402
  • Hall, J., Lee, J., Benin, J., Armstrong, C., & Owen, H. (2015). IEEE 1609 Influenced Automatic Identification System (AIS). 2015 IEEE 81st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Glasgow, May 11-14, 2015, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/VTCSpring.2015.7145867
  • Hu, Q., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Sun, X., & Zhang, S. (2015, November). Development of an Automatic Identification System Autonomous Positioning System. Sensors, 15(11), 28574-28591. DOI: 10.3390/s151128574
  • Huang, I.-L., Lee, M.-C., Chang, L., & Huang, J.C. (2024, September 18). Development and Application of an Advanced Automatic Identification System (AIS)-Based Ship Trajectory Extraction Framework for Maritime Traffic Analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(9), 1672. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12091672
  • Humphreys, T., Chen, Q.A., Ozguner, U., & Toth, C. (2023, November 20). Resilience and Validation of GNSS PNT Solutions. Final Research Report, CARMEN: Center for Automated Vehicle Research with Multimodal Assurred Navigation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/72661/dot_72661_DS1.pdf
  • Humphreys, T.E., Clements, Z.L., & Qin, W. (2024, September 30). GNSS Interference: Situational Awareness and LEO Backup. Final Report, CARMEN: Center for Automated Vehicle Research with Multimodal Assurred Navigation, University Transportation Centers Program, U.S. Department of Transportation. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/77823/dot_77823_DS1.pdf
  • International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2019, June). The Technical Specification of VDES, Edition 3. IALA Guideline 1139. https://www.e-navigation.nl/sites/default/files/1139-ed.3-the-technical-specification-of-vdes_june-2019.pdf
  • International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2020). Collection of Regional Applications for AIS Application Specific Messages of Regional Applications for AIS Binary Messages. https://www.iala-aism.org/asm/
  • International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA). (2022, December 16). VHF Data Exchange System (VDES) Overview, Edition 3.0. IALA Guideline 1117. https://www.iala-aism.org/product/g1117/
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO). (2010, June 2). Guidance on the Use of AIS Application-Specific Messages. SN.1/Circ. 289. http://vislab-ccom.unh.edu/~schwehr/papers/2009-Nav55-CG-AIX-Report-Annex1.pdf
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2026, February 19). Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. ITU-R Recommendation M.1371-6. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-6-202602-I!!PDF-E.pdf
  • International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2019, October). Assignment and Use of Identities in the Maritime Mobile Service. ITU-R Recommendation M.585-8. M Series: Mobile, Radiodetermination, Amateur and Related Satellite Services. https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.585-8-201910-I!!PDF-E.pdf
  • Iphar, C., Ray, C., & Napoli, A. (2019). Uses and Misuses of the Automatic Identification System. IEEE OCEANS Conference, Marseille, June 17-20, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/OCEANSE.2019.8867559
  • JammerTest2022. Norway. (2022, October 10). GPSPATRON. https://gpspatron.com/jammertest2022-norway/
  • JammerTest2023. Test Report. (2023, November 15). GPSPATRON. https://gpspatron.com/jammertest2023-test-report/
  • Jakovlev, S., Daranda, A., Voznak, M., Lektauers, A., Eglynas, T., & Jusis, M. (2020, November 19). Analysis of the Possibility to Detect Fake Vessels in the Automatic Identification System. Proceeedings of 2020 61st International Scientific Conference on Information Technology and Management Science of Riga Technical University (ITMS), 15-16 Oct0ber 2020, Riga, Latvia, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/ITMS51158.2020.9259293
  • Jaskólski, K., & Czapliński, W. (2024). Verification of the AIS Service Availability Model Based on Dynamic Data Streams Recorded From Three Receiving Stations in the Polish Coastal Area. Archives of Transportation, 70(2). DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.92f0xg34
  • Jiang, Y., Wu, J., & Zhang, S. (2018, MArch 27). An Improved Positioning Method for Two Base Stations in AIS. Sensors, 18(4), 991. DOI: 10.3390/s18040991
  • Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., Forster, J., & Spilsbury, J. (2022, September). An Initial Assessment of VDE-Terrestrial Channel Performance. 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, Colorado, September 2022, pp. 426-438. DOI: 10.33012/2022.18488
  • Johnson, G., Dykstra, K., Ordell, S., & Swaszek, P. (2020, October). R-Mode Positioning System Demonstration. 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), September 21-25, 2020, pp. 839-855. DOI: 10.33012/2020.17728
  • Johnson, G., Swaszek, P., Alberding, J., Hoppe, M., & Oltmann, J.-H. (2014, September). The Feasibility of R-mode to Meet Resilient PNT Requirements for E-navigation. 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, ION GNSS 2014, Tampa, Florida. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory-Johnson-4/publication/289887465_The_feasibility_of_R-mode_to_meet_resilient_PNT_requirements_for_e-navigation/links/5ba011ad299bf13e6038a905/The-feasibility-of-R-mode-to-meet-resilient-PNT-requirements-for-e-navigation.pdf
  • Kaklis, D., Kontopoulos, I., Varlamis, I., Emiris I.Z., & Varelas, T. (2024, January 12). Trajectory Mining and Routing: A Cross-Sectoral Approach. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(1), 157. 10.3390/jmse12010157
  • Kelly, P. (2022, September 15). A Novel Technique to Identify AIS Transmissions From Vessels Which Attempt to Obscure Their Position by Switching Their AIS Transponder From Normal Transmit Power Mode to Low Transmit Power Mode. Expert Systems with Applications, 202, 117205. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117205
  • Kessler, G.C. (2020, May 1). AIS Replay and Spoofing [video]. https://www.garykessler.net/gck/AIS_replay_and_spoofing.mp4
  • Kessler, G.C. (2020, June). Protected AIS: A Demonstration of Capability Scheme to Provide Authentication and Message Integrity. TransNav, The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 14(2), 279-286. DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.02
  • Kessler, G.C. (2021, August 22). AIS Spoof of a Warship [video]. https://www.garykessler.net/gck/202108_MOSKVA_spoof.mp4
  • Kessler, G.C. (2022, April 17). AIS Tools. https://www.garykessler.net/software/index.html#ais
  • Kessler, G.C. (2023, September 11). AIS Research Using a Raspberry Pi (2022 Update). https://www.garykessler.net/library/ais_pi.html
  • Kessler, G.C., & Zorri, D.M. (2024, October). AIS Spoofing: A Tutorial for Researchers. 2nd International Special Track on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Caen, France, 8-10 October 2024. DOI: 10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639747
  • Klör, F., Bauer, J., Paulus, S., & Rademacher, M. (2024, October). Dude, Where's That Ship? Stealthy Radio Attacks Against AIS Broadcasts. 2nd International Special Track on Maritime Communication and Security (MarCaS), 2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Caen, France, 8-10 October 2024. DOI: 10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639674
  • Kontopoulos, I., Spiliopoulos, G., Zissis, D., Chatzikokolakis, K., & Artikis, A. (2018, October 28). Countering Real-Time Stream Poisoning: An Architecture for Detecting Vessel Spoofing in Streams of AIS Data. 2018 IEEE 16th International Conferance on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 16th International Conferance on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th International Conferance on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech), Athens, Greece, August 12-15, 2018, pp. 981-986. DOI: 10.1109/DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTec.2018.00139
  • Koshevyy, V., & Shyshkin, O. (2017, June). VHF/DSC - ECDIS/AIS Communication on the Base of Lightweight Ethernet. The 12th International Conference on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (TRANSNAV 2017). DOI: 10.1201/9781315099132-67
  • Kozhaya, S., Saroufim, J., & Kassas, Z. M. (2025). Unveiling Starlink for PNT. NAVIGATION, 72(1). DOI: 10.33012/navi.685
  • Lázaro, F., Raulefs, R., Bartz, H., & Jerkovits, T. (2021, September 12). VDES R-Mode: Vulnerability Analysis and Mitigation Concepts. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking. DOI: 10.1002/sat.1427
  • Lázaro, F., Raulefs, R., Wang, W., Clazzer, F., & Plass, S. (2018, July 20). VHF Data Exchange System (VDES): An Enabling Technology for Maritime Communications. CEAS Space Journal, 11, 55-63. DOI: 10.1007/s12567-018-0214-8
  • Lee, E., Mokashi, A.J., Moon, S.Y., & Kim, G. (2019, August 24). The Maturity of Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) and Its Implications for Innovation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(9), 287. DOI: 10.3390/jmse7090287
  • Lehmann, L., Larsen, S.R., Elsholm, B.B., & Olesen, D.H. (2026, January). Real-World Jammer and Spoofer Localization Using a Low-Cost Array-Based Software-Defined Radio. NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation, 73. DOI: 10.33012/navi.735
  • Li, H., Jiao, H., & Yang, Z. (2023, May 29). AIS Data-Driven Ship Trajectory Prediction Modelling and Analysis Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 175, 103152. DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2023.103152
  • Litts, R.E., Popescu, D.C., & Popescu, O. (2021, September 6). Authentication Protocol for Enhanced Security of the Automatic Identification System. 2021 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom), May 24-28, 2021, Bucharest, Romania. DOI: 10.1109/BlackSeaCom52164.2021.9527840
  • Litts, R.E., Popescu, D.C., & Popescu, O. (2021, December). Authentication Protocol for Enhanced Security of the Automatic Identification System. Naval Engineers Journal, 133(4), 127-137. https://bt.e-ditionsbyfry.com/publication/?m=63540&i=731188&p=138&ver=html5
  • Louart, M., Szkolnik, J.-J., Boudraa, A.-O., Le Lann, J.-C., & Le Roy, F. (2023, March 28). Detection of AIS Messages Falsifications and Spoofing by Checking Messages Compliance With TDMA Protocol. Digital Signal Processing, 136, 103983. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsp.2023.103983
  • Louart, M., Szkolnik, J.-J., Boudraa, A.-O., Le Lann, J.-C., & Le Roy, F. (2024, May 22). An Approach to Detect Identity Spoofing in AIS Messages. Expert Systems With Applications, 252(2024), 124257. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0957417424011230
  • Luo, D., Chen, P., Yang, J., Li, X., & Zhao, Y. (2023, August 23). A New Classification Method for Ship Trajectories Based on AIS Data. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(9),1646. DOI: 10.3390/jmse11091646
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About the Authors and the Book

Gary C. Kessler, Ph.D., CISSP, is President of Gary Kessler Associates, a consulting, research, and training company located in Ormond Beach, Florida. He has been in the information security and education fields since the late-1970s, and is a retired professor of cybersecurity. Gary is a guest faculty member and cyber adviser for the Cyber Systems Program at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, on the Board of Advisers of Cydome, and is an AUXCYBER Fellow, a national level office in the USCG Auxiliary Cybersecurity Directorate. Gary has testified before the U.S. House of Representatives about maritime cybersecurity issues. He is an adviser and instructor/mentor for the CyberBoat Challenge and co-founder of the Maritime Hacking Village. Gary has a B.A. in mathematics from Humboldt State University (California), an M.S. degree in computer science from the University of Vermont, and a Ph.D. in computing technology in education from Nova Southeastern University (Florida). His research interests focus on maritime cybersecurity, particularly related to AIS and AIS spoofing, as well as network protocols, digital forensics, and cybersecurity management and policy. He is a PADI Master SCUBA Diver Trainer and holds a USCG 50GT master merchant mariner certificate. Gary lives in Florida with his wife, Gayle.

Dr. Steven Shepard is the founder of the Shepard Communications Group in Williston, Vermont, and co-founder of the Executive Crash Course Company. A professional author, photographer, audio producer, and educator with more than 35 years of experience in the technology industry, he has written books and articles on a wide variety of topics. Steve received his undergraduate degree in Spanish and Romance Philology from the University of California at Berkeley, his master's degree in International Business from St. Mary's College, and his Ph.D. at the Da Vinci Institute in Rivonia, South Africa. He is a Senior Fellow of the Da Vinci Institute of South Africa; a Founding Director of the African Telecoms Institute; and an Emeritus member of the Board of Trustees of Champlain College. He was Resident Director of the University of Southern California's Executive Leadership and Advanced Management Programs for more than 25 years and is adjunct professor at Emory University and the Da Vinci Institute, among others. Thanks to a childhood spent in Spain, Steve is native fluent in Spanish and routinely publishes and delivers presentations in that language. He lives in Vermont with his wife Sabine, who has put up with him for more than 45 years.

The book can be purchased from Amazon in paperback (USD16.99) or Kindle (USD9.99) format.

Get more information about Gary (Amazon Author Page | Web site) and Steve (Amazon Author Page | Web site).

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